Serpiginous Choroidopathy • Rare, usually bilateral • mostly affecting Caucasians of either sex. • Also called geographic choroidopathy. • typically...

Ocular Toxoplasmosis When to treat ..!??? • lesions threaten disc, macula, or papillomacular bundle. • lesions threatening a major vessel. •...

Laboratory diagnosis of TED 1- Biochemical investigations in diagnosis of Thyroid Eye Disease TED • TSH  Low in hyperthyroidism High in...

Retinoscopy hints ROOM LIGHTS OFF Ask patient to look at a non-accommodative target distance (green duochrome).  Compensate your working...

Unexpected postoperative refractive surprise Clinical points • Re-check IOL choice, A-constant, formula used, and target refraction. • Re-measure AL and keratometry...

Taking a corneal scrape 1. Liaise with microbiology staff and Request an urgent Gram stain. 2. Warm refrigerated media to...

Notes on the Electroretinogram ERG response • a-wave arises primarily from the photoreceptors. • b-wave arises primarily from the bipolar...

 BRVO management of Macular oedema with no or minimal macular ischaemia  • Within 3months of onset: consider Ozurdex or AntiVEGF...

AAION Diagnosis  • ESR raised  normal in 20% of cases usually > 50 mm/hr  • CRP raised • FFA delayed or...

Orbital tumors relatively uncommon in children and can be presented with in Hints to easily suspect pediatric orbital tumors: •proptosis •disrupted...